The Cultural Competence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cultural Competence - Assignment Example A number of South Vietnamese were fleeing desperately in the jungle to small boats that were awaited to take us to the land of safety and freedom where we would eventually call home. During that period of darkness, I walked along a lonely road with limited family support as culturally mental health people like me were not recognized in the Vietnamese culture (Vaage et al., 2010). Problems are kept within the family rather than being shared with others and a facade often presented to the public to show a happy family life. When the social work profession does not solve the issue of understanding my culture, I would easily oppress the disadvantaged groups as a social worker, for example, those who try to share their problems. This is due to the misunderstanding of cultural differences. It is fair to say as a social worker, I must gain cultural competence to understand peoples cultural differences and the impact of social injustices on their wellbeing and to go beyond race and ethnicity (Healy, 2000). By implementing cultural care and as a social worker, I can more effectively address social injustice issues faced by vulnerable people in our community and tailor to the appropriate needs of clients empowering them to live life with dignity, respect, and values. Diversity refers to the characteristics that make people different from each other. Such differences set in as a result of diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds (Omoniyi & White, 2006). In Canberra, the diverse communities bring vibrancy, innovation, new ideas, economic development, resources, and sustainability. The Australian Census of Population and Housing is a source of data about Australians and their cultural diversity. Census carried out in 2011 indicated that approximately a quarter (26 percent) of Australia’s residents was born in other countries, and a further 20 percent had an average one overseas-born parent.  

Theoretical Background Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Background Essay Purchasing is â€Å"Critical to supply chain efficiency because it is the job of the purchasing to select suppliers and then establish mutually beneficial relationships with them. Without good suppliers and without superior purchasing, supply chains cannot compete today’s† marketplace. Purchasing is also very involved in product design and development work. Many â€Å"manufacturers have found out that manufacturing costs can be reduced, product quality maximized, and new products brought to market at a much faster rate if purchasing brings the key suppliers into the product design and development at the earliest stage of process. † And purchasing is directly involved in the implementation of e-commerce systems. (Fitzgerald, 2000) Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the materials, parts, supplies, and services need to produce a product or provide a service. You can get some idea of the importance of purchasing when you consider that, in manufacturing, upwards of 60 percent of the cost of finished goods comes from purchased parts and materials. Furthermore, the percentages for purchased inventories are even higher for retail and wholesale companies, sometimes exceeding 90 percent. Nonetheless, the importance of purchasing is more than just the cost of goods purchased; other important factors include the quality of goods and services and the timing of deliveries of goods and services, both of which can have a significant impact on operations. The goal of purchasing is to develop and implement purchasing plans for products and services that support operation strategies. Among the duties of purchasing are identifying sources of supply, negotiating contracts, maintaining a database of suppliers, obtaining goods and services that meet or exceed operations requirements in a timely and cost-efficient manner, and managing suppliers. Thus, purchasing select suppliers, negotiates contracts, establishes alliances, and acts as liaison between suppliers and various internal departments. Purchasing is taking on increase importance as organizations place greater emphasis on supply chain management, quality improvement, clean production, and outsourcing. Moreover, business-to-business buying relationships are changing: although traditional relationships currently account for the lion’s share of buying relationships, they are expected to decrease substantially by the middle of  the decade, while Web-based auctions and manage inventory relationships are expected to grow. In addition, increasing globalization will continue to have an impact on purchasing. (McGraw-Hill, 2007) The purchasing function in business organizations is becoming increasingly important. Among the reasons are increased levels of outsourcing, increased used of the Internet, greater emphasis on supply chain management, globalization, and continuing efforts to reduce costs and increase quality. Among purchasing responsibilities are obtaining the materials, parts, supplies and services needed to produce a product or provide a service. Price, quality and reliability and speed of delivery are important variables. Purchasing selects suppliers, negotiates contracts, and establishes alliances, and act as liaison between supplier and various internal departments. It also is involved in value analysis, vendor analysis, make-or-buy analysis, supplier audits, and supplier certification. (Morgan, 1994) In many business organizations there is a move to reduce the number of suppliers and to establish and maintain longer-term relationships with suppliers. Supplier partnerships may involve cooperation that takes the form of sharing of planning and information, and perhaps cooperation in product and process design. (Morgan, 1994) An underlying consideration in purchasing, as in all areas of business, is maintaining ethical standards. The supplement provides a recommended set of ethical practices in purchasing. (Morgan, 1994) Although often associated with the public sector, purchasing groups are also an alternative considered more and more by managers of the private sector. A purchasing group increases volume consolidation, making it possible to have only one negotiation, in order to increase the purchasing group members power vis†Ãƒ  Ã¢â‚¬ vis that of its suppliers. However, a purchasing group also constitutes an additional link in the supply chain and its objectives could go contrary to those of some of its members. This is why organisations considering joining a purchasing group should analyse this option strategically, in order to assess correctly the potential long†term benefits. (Nollet Beaulieu, 2005)

Satisfaction For Food And Services Provided By Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

Satisfaction For Food And Services Provided By Mcdonalds Commerce Essay Currently, the worlds largest fast-food restaurant chain is McDonalds Corporation. In 1940, Dick and Mac McDonald was started their business and open the first restaurant in San Bernardino California. In 1948, the McDonald brothers were set a standard of modern fast-food restaurant with the introduction of Speedee Service System. Now, McDonalds has more than 20000 restaurants which can able to be found in 120 countries around the world, and about 80% are franchises. (Gross Forbes, 1996) Customer satisfaction is an integrated indicator of performance, expectation, equity, affect and disconfirmation. (Kimita,K., Shimomura,Y., Arai,T.,2009) Now a day, the important key element for a business to success in a marketplace is customer satisfaction. This is because the customer is very important for the organisation or in the business world. Without any customer, the business cannot last longer and will be face bankruptcy. In order to carry out this research, the researchers choose a topic regarding the level of customer satisfaction for food and services that provided by McDonalds. 1.2 Scope Customer satisfaction for food and services that provided by McDonalds. 1.3 Problem statement In order to maintain brand loyalty from the loyal customers and attract new potential consumers, McDonalds need to study the level of customer satisfaction for the foods and services it provide. McDonalds can know the customer taste of the food, from there McDonalds can do some changes to meet the customer needs. This research is to know the nutrition fact and variety of choices for the food and the set meal. To know the services that provided by the staff of McDonalds is important in this research. This is because a good service towards customer can maintain the customer to visit again to the shop. The example of the service like the courtesy, prompt and quick service that the staffs need to provide to the customer. Through this research, McDonalds can know their level of progress compare with the great competitors like KFC, AW, Burger King and etc, because all these fast food restaurants serving almost similar food like burger, fried chicken and soft drinks. 1.4 Research question What are the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds? How to improve the food and services in McDonalds? 1.5 objective To increase the customer satisfaction when the customer dining in McDonalds To improve the quality of food and services in McDonalds 1.6 Research outcomes The area that needs to improve by the staff of McDonalds is the attitude of politeness to the customers. Customer towards the cleanliness and the environment in the McDonalds. McDonalds will understand the requirements and expectations from the consumer through this research. After doing this research, McDonald can know how to strengthen their position in this fast-food business. It was suggest that cleaner will be set to clean the wash room from usually once in a day to twice in a day to make sure the cleanliness of wash room and will put purifying system inside it. Suggest McDonalds using plantation oil or olive oil instead of normal oil to cook the food because older group of customers are more concern about their body healthiness. From this research, McDonalds will know what are their strengths and weaknesses in the fast-food business. 1.7 Limitation Since this research only for McDonalds, this does not mean that the research results are the same for all of the fast-food restaurants. (595 words) Task 2.0 literature review 2.1 Modeling repurchase frequency and customer satisfaction for fast food outlets According to Law et al (2004), they found out that in order can have more satisfied and loyal customer, company must understand the having an impact of service quality and waiting time on repurchase regularity and customer satisfaction. The authors used a general linear model (GLM) to study the relationship between the waiting time and the repurchase frequency in fast food operation. The results shows that the factors that influence the customer return repurchase frequency are food quality, seat availability, environment, waiting time and staff attitude. Besides that, the authors also used polytomous logistic regression (PLR) model to quantify the categorical measurement of overall satisfaction. The results indicate that the significantly affect customer satisfaction is food quality, food variety, waiting time and staff attitude. The authors believed that through this model can help managers to understand the important factor that influence customer loyalty as well as the satisfactio n level from the customer in the fast food industry. Besides that, it can help the fast food industry to make some improvements accordingly. This article can helping me have a better understanding for my research topic at the same time I can get the information regarding the factor that influence the customer return repurchase frequency to the fast food outlets. (208 words) 2.2 The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions According to Ryu et al (2012), they found out that few exams have studied to identify the consequences and antecedents of image, especially restaurant image in relation to the restaurant experience. The authors used structural equation modelling (SEM) to simultaneously examine the structural relationships among the proposed constructs. The results show that the quality of the service, food and physical environment were important to determinants of restaurant image. In addition, the quality of the food and physical environment were important to predictors of customer perceived value. The results resistant that customer perceived value is certainly an important to determinant of customer satisfaction. The customer satisfaction is also important to predictor of behaviour intentions. From the authors research of limitation and implications, they found out the purpose of the study will help researcher to understand the complex relationship among behavioural, customer satisfaction, custome r perceived value, restaurant image, physical environment, service and food to intentions in the restaurant industry. From this article, I found out that the quality of the service, food and physical environment are important to determinant of the customer satisfaction. These points are valuable and helping to gain better understanding of my research topic. (195 words) 2.3 Measuring customer satisfaction in the fast food industry: a cross-national approach According to Gilbert et al (2004), they felt that in todays ever-increasing globalization of brands and services, to attend to the satisfaction of their customer in both domestically and abroad, need to have service-oriented businesses. At the same time, they also need to exceed distinctive cultural dissimilarity from country to country. In this study, the authors provide a cross-cultural comparison of the service satisfaction of fast food business in four English-speaking countries. Based on the data collected from customer from five globally-franchised fast food chains, the authors are using an earlier developed service satisfaction instrument. The research finding from the future research support of this study, the quantity of cross-cultural service satisfaction among franchised services and brands could aid business managers hard work to evaluate the quality of the services. The factors that can make customer satisfaction are provision of courtesy, treatment received, the ease to get help, the security inside and the security outside. The finding indicated that all these factors are important for all over the countries. They also provide crossways nationwide boundaries and on a more practical basis and real time. Provision of courtesy, treatment received, the ease to get help, the security inside and the security outside, all of these factors are important for all the country. These points are very useful for me while I to gather my information. (224 words) Task 3.0 Research Methodology 3.1 Research Question What are the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds? How to improve the food and services in McDonalds? The reason for me to choose the above question is because I can know the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds, and McDonalds can further improve their food or services in order can attract more new customer at the same time also can maintain the old customer to dining in McDonalds. 3.2 research approach Deductive According to David (2009), he stated that the deductive approach usually use in quantitative research and it was dominates. In that researchers are choose in advance which variables they will examine and state their hypothesis to be exanimate, sometimes an experiment can find out something not widely known or recognised earlier. Inductive According to Andrews et al (2005), they stated that the inductive approach was using by the researchers start with wide research questions rather than with a particular theory and/or testable hypotheses. The data was collected by the researcher and they will build mid-range theories from the ground up. These grounded theory data and new data collection is constantly changing and revising. I am using the deductive approach for my research. This is because I need to gather lot of general information to do this research. This deductive approach can help me transforms the general theory into a particular hypotheses in order for me to prove and test whether is right or wrong. 3.3 research strategy Exploratory research According to Krishnaswami and Satyaprasad (2010) they defined exploratory research is preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has little or no knowledge. It usually takes the form of a pilot study. I will use exploratory research to investigate my research topic. The reason is when I do this research I will relies on the secondary research and also need my course mate to help me for pilot on my questionnire. 3.4 quantitative / qualitative data Quantitative Data According to Joyce and David (2012), they stated that the quantitative data is numerical data are come from spreadsheets, databases or log files. Qualitative Data According to Dembkowski and Lloyd (1995), they stated that the qualitative data is non-numeric data that come from recording, storing, coding, categorizing, searching and retrieving and summarizing data. I am looking for the qualitative data to do my research. This is because in order me to gather information about my research topic, I need to do searching from internet, journal or book. 3.5 data collection method In order me to do my research I will use primary and secondary sources to collect the data. The primary sources are to find five respondents to help me pilot my questionnaire. These five respondents are from Segi College Kuala Lumpur and all of them are my course mate. The reason I choose my course mate is because they rare understand about this subject. I believe the result that they are give to me are appropriate than other people. I will gather my information by searching in internet, journal or book. I also refer to the researcher report regarding this topic. All these are my secondary sources for me to collect my data. 3.6 ethical issues The ethical issue that I need to consider in carrying out this research is all the data that I collected must be confidential and will not give to the third party. Besides that, I also need to be honest to report my data, result or methods. (556 words) Task 4.0 questionnaire design 4.1 research question What are the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds? How to improve the food and services in McDonalds? 4.2 cover letter The level of customer satisfaction for food and services provided by McDonalds Dear Respondents, I am a student from University of Greenwich in BA (HONS) Business Management (BABM) under collaboration of Segi College Kuala Lumpur. I am doing this research is to undertaken fulfilment of the requirement from my university. The following statements and questions are purely for my academic study to investigate The level of customer satisfaction for food and services provided by McDonalds. All the information that provided by you will be kept in private and confidentially and will not give to the third party. It is only to be used for my research purpose. Your kind cooperation will be high appreciated. Thank you Yours faithfully, Loke Siow Kuan 4.3 original questionnaires Pilot by: _________________ This particular questionnaire is designed to get the response from the customer to survey The Level of Customer Satisfaction for Food and Services Provided by McDonalds Please tick (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) whichever relevant:- Age à ¢- ¡ Under 15 à ¢- ¡ 15 30 à ¢- ¡ 31 45 à ¢- ¡ 46 and above Gender à ¢- ¡ Male à ¢- ¡ Female Race à ¢- ¡ Chinese à ¢- ¡ Indian à ¢- ¡ Malay à ¢- ¡ Others Marital Status à ¢- ¡ Single à ¢- ¡ Married à ¢- ¡ Divorced à ¢- ¡ Widowed Occupation à ¢- ¡ Student à ¢- ¡ Private Sector Worker à ¢- ¡ Government Sector Worker à ¢- ¡ Self employ Monthly income level à ¢- ¡ Less than RM1000 à ¢- ¡ RM1001 RM2000 à ¢- ¡ RM2001 RM3000 à ¢- ¡ RM3000 and above Number of time(s) you visit to McDonalds in a week à ¢- ¡ 1 2 à ¢- ¡ 3 4 à ¢- ¡ 5 6 à ¢- ¡ More than 6 Section B: Information about customer satisfaction for food and services Services The staff served the food exactly as you ordered it? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staff provided prompt and quick service to you? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staffs are always willing to help you? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staffs made you feels comfortable when you dealing with them? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staffs are courtesy to you? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No Food Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied The food tastiness The food nutrition The variety of food in the menu The pricing of value lunch package The pricing of the breakfast package Factor to encourage customer dining in McDonalds Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied The pricing of the food The location of the McDonalds. The environment in the McDonald The Wi-Fi in the McDonalds The cleanliness in the McDonalds

Essay --

Task1: (i) In this section, we explain the strategy in detail and describe the actions we’re taking to pursue it. British airways main basically the entire mission to the customer requirement where is customer wanted to going and customer service. If the service not good for customer so then they complain which that impact on the British service. So that why reason every time want to wish a provide a good a service to the customer and always customer is happy. British vision always on the customer what are the customer requirements. All over the world responsible for this customer service to give them proper service and relationship with customer and cooperate. British give us all facilities because they want improve the service; they want to achieve a goal and mission. GLOBAL: British airways deals lots of things like they hold a civil aviation authority, they provide a people operating carry licence which that relates cargo more than 20 aircraft. And they provide this service individual and company. PREMIUM: British airways always give us good and unique premium service doesn’t matter customer where is and when contact with us because they recognize always better service and this service charge more money which that is worth for paying. AIRLINE: British airways always introduce new things and new products because they want to increase a business but they always focus on the customer service if the customer is happy so then they invest more money. They always trying to provide a cargo service its means they focus on the civil aviation authority. Because they us new products time by time. They provide all products in tough economic environment and different challenging... ...y and no timing but British airways airline crew decided introduce something new for customer to using a strategic planning. And day by day they increase a business and introduce a new flights everywhere in domestic level, and after that they introduce a website and some official pages for helping a customes. Strategic planning is more than ensuring your association will remain financially sound and be able to maintain its reserves it’s projecting where your association expects to be in five, ten, or fifteen years and how your association will get there. It is a systematic planning process involving a number of steps that identify the current status of the association, including its mission, vision for the future, operating values, needs strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, goals, prioritized actions and strategies, action plans, and monitoring plans.

A Brief History of Christianity before Jesus Christ

Damascus Document Notes from the Damascus Document 1. The document opens by pointing out that during the time before the exile to Babylon when unfaithfulness was prevalent, causing God to bring about his wrath upon the people. 2. Then there came twenty years in which a remnant of the people knew their own guilt and tried to find a way to the path of righteousness, until God provided them with a â€Å"Teacher of Righteousness† who revealed the will of God. 3.The teacher of righteousness was opposed by the Man of Mockery who brought about persecution to the group led some of them into all sorts of unrighteous acts and sinfulness. The Man of Mockery led some of the people to sin through the defilement of the temple and causing the people â€Å"to wonder in a pathless wilderness†¦abolishing the ways of righteousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  4. The teacher of righteousness was â€Å"passed away† at some point and the writer pointed out that the incident marked the beginning of th e end of all the fighters who deserted to the Liar.The writer also pointed out that period lasted about forty years. It seems as though the writer is saying that â€Å"passing away† of the teacher of righteousness (perhaps killed) by the Man of Mockery, was began the forty year long war which ended all wars. 5. The righteous members of the group became the â€Å"the Separatists† when they left the Holy City. 6. The writer of the document foretells the coming of two Messiahs out to the â€Å"House of Aaron and Israel. † Perhaps this may have been a reference to the John the Baptist (House of Aaron) and to Jesus the Christ (House of Israel).The exception to this theory is that technically Jesus was from the House of Judah, but collectively he Judah was Israel’s son, hence, the house of Israel would suffice. 7. The writer of the document explains the administrative hierarchy for members of the covenant. The one above all was the Overseer of the assembly. The document instructs that the Overseer shall teach the groups the ordinances of God and make decisions as to who can join the group and determine the rank that each will have. The Overseer â€Å"shall be from thirty to fifty years old and will have final say on all the group’s activities. The Overseer was the ultimate authority that settled disputes between members. 8. The Document also stated that congregation shall be divided into groups of ten and every group of ten members required a priest that rules the group of ten. Each group of ten was to be registered by name and the first one to be enrolled was the priest; followed by the Levites; and then came the regular Israelites with the proselytes being the last. The same order followed when members were settled during meals and assembly meetings. Each of the members was assigned a rank. 9.From here the documents provides a long succession of rules that governed the members including: keeping the Sabbath (even a restriction f rom assisting an animal to give birth or pull it out of pit if the animal falls on the Sabbath); prohibitions against sleeping with a woman in the City of the Sanctuary; rules for bathing; restrictions against selling of clean animals or birds to gentiles in case they would offer them in sacrifices; rules to members with children that require them to force their children to take an oath to the covenant upon the age of enrollment; directives to the members to contribute two days of every month’s incomes to the poor and needy; rules demanding all new members to study for a full year under the Overseer before partial membership if granted; and rules prohibiting any membership for lunatics, the maimed, madmen, the deaf, the blind, simpletons, the lame, and the underage.

Healthy Lifestyles

There are many components of having a healthy life. The most important of which, however, are physical activity, healthy eating habits, a good sleep schedule, and a good control of stress. A combination of these is a good start to a healthy lifestyle.Physical activity is massively important for having a healthy lifestyle. If a decent exercise schedule didn't exsist in someone's lifestyle, a multitude of health problems are at risk for that person. For starters, if instead of exercising someone wer to be watching television or sitting at the computer, along with poor eating habits, obesity will eventually settle in and bring more health problems with it. Chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis can all be contracted due to obesity. Being physically active is a way to prevent these things.A key foundation for any healthy lifestyle is moderation in the things someone eats. For most of us, moderation means eating less than we do now. More specifically, it means eating far less of the unhealthy things such as refined sugar and saturated fat and more of the healthy things such as fresh fruit and vegetables. Eating a certain amount of calories is also important. Calorie intake also translates into how much physical exercise you need a day.Keeping up with a good sleep schedule is another component to having a healthy life. the only sure-fire way to not be tired during the day is to sleep good enough and long enough. The recommended time spent asleep is around six to eight hours a night. It's also recommended that people shouldn't take short cat-naps during the day. The reason being is that the brain goes through different sleep cycles while resting.Usually, these cycles last about an hour and a half, and when someone wakes up at the very end of one of these cycles, they'll feel well rested. However if someone were to wake up in the middle of one of these cycles, they won't feel any better than from when they first went to sleep. This is also a reason why the snooze button doesn't help in the mornings. It's best to just go through with sleeping at night.Keeping stress in check is the final key to living a healthy lifestyle. One way to keep stress under control is to simply excersize. Excersizing is a great way to negate stress because it keeps the mind occupied on whatever it is you're working out with. Plus, it takes care of getting one's daily exercise in for the day.That's the jist of living a healthy life. If one were to get control over their physical exercise, eating habits, sleep schedule, and stress; they'd be living an incredibly healthy life.

Atomic Number 3 Element Facts

Atomic Number 3 Element Facts Lithium is the element that is atomic number 3 on the periodic table. These means each atom contains 3 protons. Lithium is a soft, silvery, light alkali metal  denoted with the symbol Li. Here are interesting facts about atomic number 3: Lithium is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element at ordinary temperature and pressure. The density of the solid near room temperature is 0.534  g/cm3. This means it not only floats on water, but is only about half as dense as it. It is so light, it can even float on oil. It also has the highest specific heat capacity of a solid element. Element number 3 has the highest melting point and boiling point of the alkali metals.Element number 3 is soft enough to cut with shears. Freshly cut metal is silver-colored, with a metallic luster. However, moist air quickly corrodes the metal, turning it dull gray and finally black.Among its uses, lithium is used in medications for bipolar disorder, to make lithium ion batteries, and to add a red color to fireworks. Its also used in glass and ceramics and to make high temperature lubricant grease. It is a coolant in breeder reactors and a source of tritium when atomic number 3 is bombarded with neutrons.Lithium is the only alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen. Yet, it is the least reactive metal in its element group. This is because the lithium valence electron is so close to the atomic nucleus. While lithium metal burns in water, it does not do so as vigorously as sodium or potassium. Lithium metal will burn in air and should be stored under kerosene or in an inert atmosphere, like argon. Dont try to extinguish a lithium fire with water as  it will only make it worse! Because the human body contains a lot of water, lithium will also burn skin. It is corrosive and should not be handled without protective gear.The name for the element comes from the Greek word lithos, which means stone. Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAISi4O10).  Brazilian naturalist and statesman, Jozà © Bonifcio de Andralda e Silva found the stone on the Swedish isle Utà ¶. Although the mineral looked like an ordinary gray rock, it flared red when thrown into a fire.  Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson determined the mineral contained a previously unknown element. He couldnt isolate a pure specimen, but did produce a lithium salt from petalite in 1817.The atomic mass of lithium is  6.941. The atomic mass is a weighted average that accounts for the natural isotope abundance of the element.Lithium is believed to be one of only three chemical elements produced in the Big Bang that formed the universe. The other two elements are hydrogen and helium. Howev er, lithium is relatively uncommon in the universe. Scientists believe the reason is that lithium is nearly unstable, with isotopes that have the lowest binding energies per nucleon of any stable nuclides. Several isotopes of lithium are known, but the natural element is a mix of two stable isotopes.  Li-7 (92.41 percent natural abundance) and Li-6 (7.59 percent natural abundance). The most stable radioisotope is lithium-8, which has a half-life of 838 ms.Lithium readily loses its outer electron to form the Li ion. This leaves the atom with a stable inner shell of two electrons. The lithium ion readily conducts electricity.Because of its high reactivity, lithium is not found in nature as a pure element, but the ion is abundant in sea water. Lithium compounds are found in clay.Mankinds first fusion reaction involved atomic number 3, in which lithium was used to make hydrogen isotopes for fusion by  Mark Oliphant in 1932.Lithium is found in trace amounts in living organisms, but its function is unclear. Lithium salts are used to treat bipolar disorder, where they act to stabilize mood.Lithium is a superconductor at ordinary pressure at an extremely low temperature. It also supercondu cts at higher temperatures when the pressure is very high (greater than 20 GPa). Lithium displays multiple crystal structures and allotropes. It exhibits a rhombohedral crystal structure (nine layer repeat spacing) around 4 K (liquid helium temperature), transitioning to a face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic structure as the temperature increases.

Intwermidiate Quiz 1 Essay

Intwermidiate Quiz 1 Essay Intwermidiate Quiz 1 Essay Jessica Schwan Federal Income Tax #42 A)Andy could be subject to an audit if the misstated amount accounts for 25 percent or more of the gross income stated. The IRS has 6 years in this case to call an audit. My advice for Andy would be to calculate how much off gross income was stated. If it is less than 25 percent then he is fine. He should however be much more careful and honest in future tax returns. B)My advice would change if I were the preparer. I would want tax returns that I am responsible for to be as accurate as possible. If a material mater was exposed to me, I would file a correction right away. C)I would only consider preparing Andy’s current tax return if all information was present. I would not purposely misstate gross income. I could not morally or legally do so. #51 A)The Child Tax Credit would justify care for a minor while a parent works. B)This act is discourage and therefore not supported with a tax credit. C)The justification for this is that it minimizes the effect of a loss in a current year, and allows you to spread the effects from it to more profitable years, known as a carryback. D)This allows a taxpayer to spread tax consequences over the payout period. The harsh effect of taxing all of the gain in the year of sale is thereby avoided. E)These amounts change year to year, as the current cost of living increases per year caused by inflation. F) With tax-exempt bonds, the federal government gives up more in tax revenues than

How Accurate is Naviance Compared to ?

Naviance is a software tool offered through high schools that helps students navigate the college selection and admissions process. The software includes a ton of tools for guidance counselors to use in preparing college applications for their students, and includes a variety of college search and admissions prep tools for students. This blog post will provide a breakdown of the strengths of Naviance as well as the areas where we recommend leveraging additional resources (including some offered by ). One feature that is unique to Naviance is the data it provides on the GPA and SAT scores of students from your high school who applied to a particular college, as well as the outcome of their application (acceptance, rejection, or waitlist). This data is typically reproduced in the format of a scattergram. Our point of view on using Naviance to estimate your chances of admission is that you can kind of get a general sense of where you stand academically, but it is nowhere near sufficient if you want to actually estimate your chances of admission. Here’s our rationale: The college admissions process is holistic, so test scores and coursework/GPA are just two of the numerous factors considered in the admissions process. At most colleges they represent just 25-30% of how the admissions decision is made according to ’s data. This is because at selective colleges (with

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI Essay

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI - Essay Example China has continued to stimulate outward FDI, with the lifting of restrictions on Chinese firm operations overseas on the new law on foreign exchange. For instance, there is no need to obtain exchange based on a risk assessment. This is expected to increase Chinas Outward FDI. As much as the countries may have difficulties in navigating towards the process, China may opt to go to the developing countries because of initiatives employed by these countries. Recently China is focusing on Africa, to increase the outward FDI since it is currently relatively small than the size of its economy (Ilhà ©u, 2010). There are other top host countries of great interest to china, which include Hong Kong and the Caribbean tax haven. That constantly account for about 70% of the flow. These counties are often used by multinational firms to store wealth as a result of their confidentiality to the foreign investors. Focusing on these countries by Chinese firm may also be one of the ways of hiding wealt h from tax authorities, other authorities or the public shareholders (Morck, et al. 2007). The following are the three features of Chinese macro environment that are likely to connect with the outward FDI surge. High saving rates, Weak corporate governance, distorted capital allocation. As much as outward FDI can let firms gain important economies of scale and scope, the above features could combine to induce excessive outward FDI by the wrong players that would be working with the Chinese long-term economic prospects (Morck, et al. 2007, p 10). Therefore, it is important to understand outward FDI to achieve prosperity. Outward foreign direct investment by the Chinese firms was expected to reach a record of USD 120 billion in 2014. However, the recent liberalization of capital controls has also further complicated the task of recording such outflows accurately. Other data points suggest that the

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Discussion Question - Assignment Example Her approach engaged students by asking specific questions about discrimination and instilling the idea of equality and goodwill. Likewise, education serves to enhance people’s knowledge about issues in the contemporary world in a shared manner. Jane Elliot achieved this by enabling the children to develop respect for everyone regardless of their color or origin. Her approach is best because it aimed at building a sustainable future generation through upright children. Hence, she emphasized the value of social cohesion in her lessons. If I were a teacher, I would borrow Elliot’s approach to teaching about human diversity. In addition, I will incorporate the religious views about discrimination and make the children understand that it is against the religious teachings. Most importantly, my approach will introduce an aspect that values the successful people of different backgrounds. In this regards, I will help the children to identify successful world or business leaders who despite their color have prospered by availing relevant research materials (Clauss-Ehlers 56). The approach will focus to impact knowledge that color difference or origin does not make someone superior or intelligent. Every person has intrinsic values and skills. Hence, humans must treat one another with respect and

3. Report - Base on Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3. Report - Base on Case study - Assignment Example Cliff Lewis has been ranked the highest for providing adequate support to the employees for the growth of the department. Before appointing Cliff Lewis as a head of the Department of Town Planning, the department consisted of 55 employees. It has been identified that out of 55 employees, 35 are appointed for technical purpose, 5 are appointed as a project directors and 5 are appointed as expert coordinator. Moreover, rest of 5 employees are appointed for the administrative support. On the other hand, the Department of Economic Development is ascertained to be organised in an effective manner. Cliff Lewis has been identified to be making efforts to design the department in an organised manner. The Department of Economic Development has been restructured by Cliff Lewis by developing four business units with 25 employees. The employees are recognised to be assigned with specific job roles based on which operations are needed to be performed. The Department of Town Planning is suffering from a poor infrastructure. It has been also observed that the Department of Town Planning has failed to achieve several responsibilities within the due time. In this regard, numerous conflicts have been witnessed with the organisation for increasing complexities and lack of business effectiveness (Rochdale Borough Council, 2015a; Hickman & Banister, 2007). It is expected that after being appointed in the position of Head of Planning for South Berkshire Borough Council, Cliff Lewis has been planning to bring various changes in its operational performances as well as structural base. Cliff Lewis has decided to develop a new planning relating to Town Planning and Development Department (Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development, 2000). More elaborately, it can be ascertained that Town Planning is a part of national law of the country. Initially, Cliff Lewis has been planning to develop a

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology Coursework

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology linguistics - Coursework Example This innate understanding also determines the ages at which various language skills are learned. (c) Interactionist/developmental: Includes both the above and postulates that language learning occurs through a combination of innate ability and interactions with the environment. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) present the views of two theorists, i.e, Piaget on the basis that language learning occurs based upon a symbol system developed in childhood, which is expanded through interaction with the environment and Vygotsky who expressed the view that the internal thought process is determined based upon social interaction. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) also state that language learning in early childhood may occur through sometimes imperfect imitation. As they go to school and the social context widens, they develop metalinguistic awareness and improve vocabulary through additional reading. Under the interactionist/developmental approach, these authors have thus combined two separate approache s, i.e, the behaviourist and the innatist perspectives. 2. Cook’s views are related to the innatist perspective, because it assumes that the complex rules of grammar cannot be learnt purely through imitation or conditioning. The innatist approach appears to be favoured here, because the explanation offered for understanding of complex grammar is that there must be a biologically programmed ability for grammar acquisition already existent within the human brain. The universal understanding of complex grammar could not be innately derived. 3. In second language learning, the attitude of the L1 group to the L2 speakers will play a role in influencing learning. Since language is a form of communication and a medium for the expression of thought, it can only develop within a social context and through active interaction. Thus, Cook’s views show that while the basic structure of language, i.e., its roots – grammar – may develop with the assistance of innate ele ments, effective language learning cannot take place without external interactions. When learners in the L1 group are able to communicate effectively with individuals from the L† (foreign language) group – individuals who are at a similar or slightly higher level, then a positive attitude will reinforce learning. Hence, this only reinforces the association between the interactionist/developmental perspectives, because development in language to advanced stages can only take place through interaction. 4. This section underlines the importance of learner attitude in influencing learning outcomes. For example if learners in group L1, the native language group – feel inferior to the L2 group, whose language they are learning, they may resent the process. It could lead to a culture shock and a concomitant loss of the identity that their native language provides them, which may negatively affect learning outcomes. This would also be the case if the reverse was true, i. e., the L1 group feels superior to the L2 group. A positive outlook is likely to boost learner motivation and the will to overcome linguistic difficulties to learn the new language. Activity 6: Reflections on Theory: 1. As a classroom teacher, the first option of a philosopher proposing a big idea is more appealing, because it is primarily based upon observances of behaviour or psychological

Is unethical to lie during Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is unethical to lie during Negotiations - Essay Example Considering the legal clauses and ethical considerations, there are many aspects that can be termed to be unethical but legal. For instance, if a broker states the history of a property only revealing its net worth, location and future value, and avoid describing the legal charges associated with the asset because the concerned party did not ask about it, it can be termed as unethical. However, this can be justified on the legal grounds. Therefore, in a few instances, such tactics can be legal as well as can be unethical, depending on the merit of the case and intentions. Being completely honest during negotiation, even after knowing the fact that it can earn lesser than what is expected, can never be naive. Revealing the entire truth during negotiation can often result in the cancellation of the deal with higher return. Despite such risk if a negotiator is revealing the entire truth being honest, it must be highly appreciated and respected. However, if the negotiator in this context expects that even after revealing the truth he will earn the deal without losing any bid, the act can be termed as naive. It is because in this case the negotiator is unable to forecast the risks associated with the ethical representation of the facts expecting irrational return. Considering these facts, I personally think that being completely honest while negotiating can be naive by no means when the associated risks are considered significantly. But, if due consideration is not provided to the risks associated with the decision of being completely honest; it can be stated as a naive act. In terms of legal code of conduct, the rule of negotiation can be stated as unique to an extent. But based on the ethical ground, the rules associated with negotiation are not quite unique. Lying during negotiations has frequently been identified in many instances which eradicates the chance to signify the practice

3. Report - Base on Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3. Report - Base on Case study - Assignment Example Cliff Lewis has been ranked the highest for providing adequate support to the employees for the growth of the department. Before appointing Cliff Lewis as a head of the Department of Town Planning, the department consisted of 55 employees. It has been identified that out of 55 employees, 35 are appointed for technical purpose, 5 are appointed as a project directors and 5 are appointed as expert coordinator. Moreover, rest of 5 employees are appointed for the administrative support. On the other hand, the Department of Economic Development is ascertained to be organised in an effective manner. Cliff Lewis has been identified to be making efforts to design the department in an organised manner. The Department of Economic Development has been restructured by Cliff Lewis by developing four business units with 25 employees. The employees are recognised to be assigned with specific job roles based on which operations are needed to be performed. The Department of Town Planning is suffering from a poor infrastructure. It has been also observed that the Department of Town Planning has failed to achieve several responsibilities within the due time. In this regard, numerous conflicts have been witnessed with the organisation for increasing complexities and lack of business effectiveness (Rochdale Borough Council, 2015a; Hickman & Banister, 2007). It is expected that after being appointed in the position of Head of Planning for South Berkshire Borough Council, Cliff Lewis has been planning to bring various changes in its operational performances as well as structural base. Cliff Lewis has decided to develop a new planning relating to Town Planning and Development Department (Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development, 2000). More elaborately, it can be ascertained that Town Planning is a part of national law of the country. Initially, Cliff Lewis has been planning to develop a

Is unethical to lie during Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is unethical to lie during Negotiations - Essay Example Considering the legal clauses and ethical considerations, there are many aspects that can be termed to be unethical but legal. For instance, if a broker states the history of a property only revealing its net worth, location and future value, and avoid describing the legal charges associated with the asset because the concerned party did not ask about it, it can be termed as unethical. However, this can be justified on the legal grounds. Therefore, in a few instances, such tactics can be legal as well as can be unethical, depending on the merit of the case and intentions. Being completely honest during negotiation, even after knowing the fact that it can earn lesser than what is expected, can never be naive. Revealing the entire truth during negotiation can often result in the cancellation of the deal with higher return. Despite such risk if a negotiator is revealing the entire truth being honest, it must be highly appreciated and respected. However, if the negotiator in this context expects that even after revealing the truth he will earn the deal without losing any bid, the act can be termed as naive. It is because in this case the negotiator is unable to forecast the risks associated with the ethical representation of the facts expecting irrational return. Considering these facts, I personally think that being completely honest while negotiating can be naive by no means when the associated risks are considered significantly. But, if due consideration is not provided to the risks associated with the decision of being completely honest; it can be stated as a naive act. In terms of legal code of conduct, the rule of negotiation can be stated as unique to an extent. But based on the ethical ground, the rules associated with negotiation are not quite unique. Lying during negotiations has frequently been identified in many instances which eradicates the chance to signify the practice

Kenneth Nierman Essay Example for Free

Kenneth Nierman Essay Kenneth A. Nierman (born 1954)(1)(2) is Founder and President of the Center for Bankruptcy Planning, and Principal of Adversity Financial Planners. His work to pioneer Financial Planning for Bankruptcy, is unparalleled. Mr. Nierman has been honored for his innovative work in advancing educational and entertaining economic concepts. One of his first economic papers was a discussion of a coming â€Å"Great Leveling† of the world economies. His first theorem on this discussion was available in 1987(doc). The Great Leveling was among the earliest neo-economic discussions about the effect s of improved technology in communication, creating a near-perfect, almost instantaneous, flow of information. It was a major factor in the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the early awareness of dictator oppression of their citizens. His theorem expressed that as information flow became instantaneous, that economies of third world countries would benefit tremendously at the permanent and unrecoverable loss of the economic world powers. This would not mean that third world economies would become equally as rich as the world leaders it would simply mean that the incremental increase in the existing standard of living would seem exponential and people in those countries would feel substantially wealthier. It would also mean that the great world economic powers would experience a loss of current standards of living. A decrease so much so that the people in those countries would experience economic and emotional pain beyond anything they had previously experienced. The Great Leveling would create a permanent shift in a majority of the world economies. World economic leaders would experience subtle or sharp, extended or immediate, decreases in citizen standards of living. The economic pain experienced would be permanent and would take years for the citizens to realize the new normal of a decreased lifestyle. Simple or drastic decreases in personal and household cash flow would have compounding effects throughout the economy of the country. His undocumented, yet historically discussed economic theorems include: The Great Leveling, The Baby-boom Retirement Myth, and Creative Destruction within the Entrepreneur World. Early life and education Nierman was born in Eastern Colorado in a small but innovative farming community of hard-working farmers and entrepreneurs (world renowned golf course footnote goes here). Family history. Parents were Alvin Kenneth Nierman and Teresa Marie (Natter) Nierman. Father died. Mother died. Sisters, Marilyn Irene Nierman (b.1949-), Alyce Dianne Nierman (b.1951-). Wife, Stacia(Stacy) Jo Nierman (Coven)(b.1956-). Married to Stacy, 19 January 1980 at King of Glory Lutheran Church, Arvada, Colorado. Formal Education. Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, Colorado and Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU), Portales, New Mexico. History in Business. After graduating from CSU, married to Stacy, moved to Lakewood, Colorado. First job was as a stockbroker with OTC Net, Denver, Colorado. OTC Net specialized in underwriting venture capital developmental stage publicly held companies. After the closure of OTC Net in 1982, he went to work with E.F. Hutton in Fort Collins, Colorado. He worked with E.F. Hutton until 1984 and moved to Shearson Lehman Brothers in Denver, Colorado. In 1986, he moved to PAMCO Securities, a new firm offering financial services through local and regional savings and loans, and commercial banks.

Stages of Child Development and Strategies Involving Them

Stages of Child Development and Strategies Involving Them Introduction: In this assignment I will give a definition of social and emotional development while also explaining each individually. I will give a brief account of physical, cognitive, language and creative development and how they holistically combine for good overall development. I give an account of the social and emotional development of children form the ages 3-5. Then I will outline the different stages proposed by at least two theorists. I will give examples of strategies used to promote social and emotional development. To finish up I will make reference to the environmental, social and other factors that may affect such development and learning. Correct Definition of social and emotional development: Social-emotional development includes the childs experience, expression, and management of emotions and the ability to establish positive and rewarding relationships with others (Cohen and others 2005). It encompasses both intra- and interpersonal processes. In my opinion social and emotional development starts from birth and is given to the chid by the child’s parents or primary care giver. It is essential that the care given at this age is positive and loving as this early age is where we as adults leave the imprint on the child that stays with them for life. Emotional development directly links to the child’s intrapersonal skills by where they learn a lot about themselves like how they feel and then how they use or control their emotions within certain situations. By taking turns, having manners, being aware of their own emotions and feelings and having patience which all contributes to good emotional development. Social development directly links to a child’s interpersonal skills where children interact with other people in a good and mannerly way by always trying to understand other people’s point of view, by discussing problems and coming to some sort of compromise to solve problems. Children develop good social skills through understanding a situation and voicing their opinion rather than letting their emotions take over. Describe how the development area relates to the holistic development: Physical, cognitive, language and creative development all interlink and become increasingly interdependent in the first few years of life to give the child a good holistic development. If one development stage is weak it generally leads to the child struggling on the other areas of development to. Lev Vygotsky says â€Å"Thought and language become increasingly interdependent in the first few years of life† (prezi.com 2015) Physical development A child who has good social and emotional development will be a very outgoing child whose great at playing and will have great confidence to take part in all activities that arise and may even take on the role of the leader in certain activities. On the other hand a child who lacks in good social and emotional development will shy away from such activities and therefore may be left out of activities due to the lack of confidence. Cognitive development Good social and emotional development within a child allows them to have confidence to ask questions about situations they may not understand, in asking these questions they will get the attention and answers they need which helps them understand and store the information they more accurately to a child that has no confidence to ask questions and therefore these children won’t want to draw attention to themselves therefore leaving them lacking within the cognitive development area. Language development A child who has good social and emotional development will have good speech and will have no problem in interacting or conversing with other people and will be more accurate with the use of their vocabulary. If a child has speech issues they will lack in confidence causing them to shy away from vocally interacting with other people and may also cause them to be a target to bullying and isolation. Creative development A child with good social and emotional development will be very self-assured and confident leading them to having a great imagination and imagination is the key to a child’s creativity. This child will not be afraid to make suggestions or make up little role plays in their head .A child who lacks in creative development will be shy and may need encouragement to help them to be creative and will always rely on other people for direction. Stages of social and emotional development correctly described for a preschool chid: â€Å"Quality afterschool programs provide safe, engaging and fun learning experiences to help children and youth develop their social, emotional, physical, cultural and academic skills.† Debbie Stabenow 3 Years Old: At this age children have developed both emotional and social skills which allow them to be more happy and content as they now don’t need a familiar face to feel secure as they have gained a certain amount of control through their actions, thoughts and the use of language. They are more aware of the situations around them leading them to share and take turns and to also show affection. 4 Years Old: At this age children tend to question a lot of things like their own actions and the actions of others and are constantly asking how things work it’s like they suddenly become aware of their surroundings. They are capable of socially making friends and interacting with their friends in large groups. At this age they also learn feelings and emotions like being hurt, let down or by having a fear and by then in turn turning to a parent for comfort or reassurance. Also at this age children are normally very confident and have a lot of self-belief. 5 Years Old: At the age of 5 children tend to be very socially outgoing which leads them to loving time away from their parents through school or through being involved in social activities e.g: Hurling, football, dancing or drama. They love to play with their friends and even enjoy a bit of competiveness especially if they win, in which case they will show signs of being proud and even show signs of boasting. They are very much in tune with their feelings and now know the feeling of happiness, sadness and even have the sense of shame and hurt. Stages of social and emotional development proposed and supported by at least two theorists: Trust vs mistrust occurs from birth up to 2 years of age by where a child even at his young age acknowledges the type of care that they are given. If the child is well looked after and loved this gives them a sense of trust and where a child is neglected gives them a sense of mistrust as suggested by theorist Eirk Erikson who says â€Å"if a child feels successful trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world†.(child development booklet) Erik Erikson also believes if you mistrust from this early age it will stay with you in your later years causing it very hard for you to trust anyone due to your previous experiences. Relationships occur in children from the age of five upwards where children are now socially aware of their environment and can now socially interact with their peers. At this age they are constantly looking for approval from adults as well as their peers. Children form a very strong bond with their parents as suggested by theorist Sigmund Freud. Shame is a big factor in children’s development especially in their first big occasion where they have to do something for themselves. One example where children experience their first sense of shame is through potty training. If children have a bad experience through potty training Erik Erikson believes this stays with them throughout their life and therefore when they don’t achieve their goals in later years it brings them back to their early years of failure and that sense of shame. Four strategies to promote social and emotional development listed and explained: Taking turns and responsibilities by putting on a play while getting the children to come up with and choose the roles and responsibilities encourages them to interact and discuss with each other through the organising of these roles. This also encourages them to take turn and share out the responsibilities along with using the skill of dressing themselves and also gets them to use their imagination through the creative play. Teamwork and relationships by organising a sports day for the children encourages and teaches them the value of good healthy competition and how to control their emotions if they lose at a certain activity or on the other hand show pride in the achievement in winning. Through certain activities children learn to compete individually and also as part of a team allowing them to encourage each other and form good relationships with each other. Emotions and imagination using square cards or paper and draw feelings on faces e.g: happy face, sad face, etc. Then in turn get the children to pick up a card and act out the feeling on the card through facial expressions. This helps the children understand feelings, emotions and empathy through a fun game. Language and vocabulary by doing circle time and letting the children share a story with the group promotes their self-esteem and confidence to talk within a group. It also promotes the use of their language, vocabulary and even imagination through the telling of their story. Reference to environmental, social or other factors that may affect the learning and development of a child: Environmental: One environmental factor that may affect a child’s learning and development would be where a child grows up. E.G: If there is a stigma to the estate where a child raised by where it’s known as a disadvantaged or poor area this can lead child to feel they will never amount to anything due to the amount of negativity surrounding that area. On the other hand this type of negativity really spurs some children on to achieve the goals they want and gives them inspiration to do better for themselves and map out a better life for themselves and for their potential future children. Cultural Factors: One big culture that raises a lot of questions is the Jehovah Witnesses due to their beliefs they don’t celebrate a lot of big calendar days that most religions do e.g: Christmas, birthdays, etc. Therefore when these occasions arise it often leads to isolation of the child and this can have many negative effects on a child themselves through their own feelings of been left out and can also lead to other children socially out casting the child because if their beliefs. Social Factors: Family is one of the biggest contributing factors from the social view of learning and development within a child. For instance if you were raised within a big family who had a good sense of family spirit it is believed that you may be more confident as you would have been surrounded with lots of people from the start and these people will have cheered you on, helped you when you fall and thought you all of your traits that you will carry for a lifetime. Conclusion: In this assignment I have given a definition of social and emotional development, described the development areas and how they work on a holistic level. I have outlined the stages of social and emotional development from the ages of 3-5. Proposed stages supported by two theorists. I have given four examples of strategies used to promote social and emotional development and have made a reference to environmental, social or other factors that may affect such development and learning. Bibliography others, c. a., 2005. www.cde.ca.gov/sp/cd/re/itf09socemodev.asp. [Online] Available at: www.cde.ca.gov/sp/cd/re/itf09socemodev.asp [Accessed 24 june 2015]. toys, p. h., 2015. playhivetoys.com.au. [Online] Available at: http://www.playhivetoys.com.au/ [Accessed 30 06 2015]. toys, p. h., 2015. www.playhivetoys.com.au. [Online] Available at: http://www.playhivetoys.com.au/ [Accessed 30 june 2015]. Training, C., 2015. child developmetn booklet. In: s.l.:Creative Training . Prezi.com(2015)lev vygotsky, avalibale online to view at www.prezi.com on 02/07/2015 www.brainyquote.com

Essay --

Fighting is not always the right way to go, and you should pick and choose your battles because, you are not going to win every fight, and there is always going to be someone bigger and better than you, but Malcolm X proved that sometimes it is ok fighting for what you believe is right. He fought for what he believed in, and that was full freedom and equal rights for African Americans. Malcolm X went from humiliation to admiration for fighting for what he believed was right to him. Malcolm X sacrificed his life for the most worthy cause of the 20th Century because he fought for equal rights African Americans, he was a big part of the Civil Rights Movement, and he was Black Panther leader. Malcolm Little, better known as Malcolm X, was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm X was an intelligent and a very absorbed student in school. Malcolm X graduated top of his class. Later on, when X got in high school, a favorite teacher told Malcolm his aspiration of becoming a lawyer was "no realistic goal for a nigger," Malcolm lost interest in school. He dropped out. During the 20th...

Early Onset Anorexia Essay -- Eating Disorders Health Nutrition Essays

Early Onset Anorexia In recent years, it seems that the public has begun to pay more attention to eating disorders. This trend could be a consequence of the heightened nutrition and fitness craze that the 1990's has brought about, or possibly a result of more intense and conclusive research studies. More clearly defined definitions of anorexia and bulimia in the DSM-IV may also have contributed to better diagnosis of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is a disorder that in the majority of cases will start when the patient is a teenager. The mean age at onset is figured to be about 17 years of age. The distribution of cases appears 'to be asymmetrical with a skewness towards the higher ages (Theander, 1996). Recently, child psychiatrists have begun to recognize increasing cases beginning in childhood (McCune & Walford, 1991). While refusal to eat and loss of weight are common symptoms in child psychiatric practices, similarities between these anoretic states and the syndrome of anorexia nervosa are slight (Hawley, 1985). While severity of illness is usually associated with worse outcome, age of onset for anorexia can play a critical role in future outcome. Premenarcheal anorexia nervosa has serious implications for the progress of puberty which may in turn, have detrimental effects on the youngsters (Bryant-Waugh, Fosson, Knibbs, & Lask, 1987). It is important that pediatricians, psychiatrists, educators, and parents are able to identify this disorder at early ages. The purpose of the following sections of this paper are to help familiarize readers with signs and symptoms which may aid in identification of anorexia leading to an early diagnosis. Symptoms Associated with Anorexia Girls with anorexia nervosa may d... ...Age and Menstrual Status on Psychological Variables. Journal of -the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiary, 34, 378-382. Hawley, Richard. (1985). The Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Younger Subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 657660. McCune, Noel & Walford, Geraldine. (1991). Long-Term outcome in Early-Onset Anorexia Nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 383-389. Rastam, Maria. (1992). lmdrexia in 51 Swedish Adolescents: Premorbid Problems and Comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Chlld and Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 819-827. Romeo, Felicia.(1996). Educators and the Onset of AnorexiaNervosa in Young. Education, 117, 55-60. Theander, Sten. (1996). Anorexia Nervosa with an Early Onset: Selection, Gender, Outcome, and Results of a Long-Term Follow-Up Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescencg, 25, 419428.

Plato’s Theory of Ideas Essay

Plato’s theory of Ideas addresses the problem of change. As we experience the world we experience it as change. As Heraclitus puts it, all things are in flux (Barnes 58). Things change through time, and they also change through space, via motion. One never steps in the same river twice. But against this ancient wisdom of Heraclitus there is also the wisdom of Parmenides, who proclaims that nothing ever changes, because whatever exists necessarily has permanent existence (Ibid 245). Parmenides is seen to have posed the problem of being and non-being which had bedeviled the Greeks for long, before Plato affected reconciliation through his Theory of Ideas. The points of view of both Heraclitus and Parmenides are valid, he says, because they are speaking of different modes of existence. Heraclitus describes the phenomenal world, whereas Parmenides the transcendental one. Parmenides speaks of the higher truth, of true and unchanging reality. This is the reality of Ideas, and which we do not experience directly. Heraclitus’ wisdom is the lesser one, but hardly insignificant. It is the reality of the phenomenal world, and the one which we experience directly. It is the world as framed by time and space, and therefore characterized by perpetual change. Plato’s theory concerns the relationship between the two realities. Change is the fundamental problem that we face. There are two aspects to this problem, one moral, and the other metaphysical. First to consider the metaphysical. Realities are all we ever seek. The non-real repels us, for it is of the same substance as error, illusion, or imperfection. But how real can we accept that which is never the same in two successive instances, or in two different locations. The best we can say of such reality is that it is transient. It is as if we have a glimpse of reality, but it doesn’t persist, and is instantaneously replaced by another reality. At this point we may come to the rash conclusion that there is nothing that is permanently real, as do the nihilists. Another equally rash conclusion is that, while there is an objective reality, it is beyond our reach, which is the conclusion of the skeptics. But nihilism does not account for intelligibility and comprehension. We clearly understand the comprehend the world beyond, which means that there is something there to understand, which in turn means there is something real. The same argument may be used to dispel skepticism too. The moral dimension to the problem of change involves a similar argument, this time introducing the concepts of virtue, justice and beauty. Such qualities are indispensable to human existence. If there was nothing called virtue and justice, we would not be able to live with our neighbors at all. If there was nothing called beauty, we would be deprived of the very motive force that carries us through life. But no one has ever come to agree as to what these entities are, and each arrives at a subjective estimation. Such relativism, in the first instance, seems to refute the existence of justice or beauty as properly existent entities in themselves. At the same time the tangible existence of human society tells us that justice and beauty necessary exist, even though no one can put a finger on it. The conviction that there is a thing called justice is part of the moral life. Change is thus a measure of imperfection. Material objects are mutable; therefore they can only be imperfect copies of real entities – the Ideas. This is true for either tangible objects, or abstract qualities, such as virtue and justice. We recognize a ball because it is round, but do we actually perceive roundness directly? Roundness is a geometrical concept that we are able to understand, but we can never come across something that is perfectly round in the material world. No one has ever seen perfect roundness, and yet we are able recognize something as round immediately. This can only mean that roundness is an innate concept of the mind. We are allowed to compare real objects with this archetype, so that whenever something is â€Å"nearly† round, then we call it round. The roundness of the ball is an imperfect copy of the archetypical roundness – and the latter is what we call the Idea of roundness. In the same way the ball is composed of the copies of other Ideas, such as redness, hardness, bounciness, if we have a red, hard and bouncy ball. All these qualities come together to make the material object, which is the ball, and this is a mutable entity. The Ideas, however, never change. It is because the Ideas have permanency that we are able to comprehend the ball for what it is. For if the forms, such as roundness and hardness, had no fixity, then there is no hope for intelligibility at all. Again, the material ball can be said to exist only because the Ideas have true existence, i.e. they retain their qualities at all times and in all places. Therefore, material objects derive their existence from the transcendental existence of Ideas. It is a transient, and therefore limited existence, when we compare it to the true existence of Ideas. We therefore have two levels of existence, one of Ideas, and the other of material things. The Ideas we may denote as Entities, they only having true existence. Material things also have existence, but only in a transient way, so we must say that they do not truly exist. They derive both their intelligibility and their existence by dint of their being copies of the Entities. The Entities are perfect, because they are immutable. Material objects, on the other hand, are mutable, which reflects the fact that they are imperfect copies of archetypical forms. In one of the most famous passages of Plato, which has come to be known as â€Å"The Myth of the Cave†, we find a vivid illustration of the structure of reality as envisaged by Plato (Marias 48). Socrates (Plato) asks his audience to imagine a curious type of cave dweller. They have spent all their lives inside the cave, and not only that, but they are chained and restricted in such a way that they must sit facing the wall of the cave, and cannot even turn their necks to see what goes on behind their backs. In this posterior region there is a path, and even further back a fire blazes. There are bearers walking along the path and carrying objects. The shadows of these objects fall onto the cave wall. These shadows constitute all that the cave dwellers ever see. The objects that the bearers carry are real, and are likened to the Entities. The shadows are likened to the material objects. The first thing to notice is that they are indistinct and imperfect copies of the real things. The second thing is that they are mutable, meaning that the shadows flicker and give a perpetually changing outline. Compared to this the Entities are solid and immutable. Socrates further goes on to consider what it implies if the cave dwellers are released from their shackles, and then led out of the cave into the broad daylight. They see things now with the maximum of clarity, and we may liken such seeing as experiencing the Entities themselves. Compared to the puny and indistinct shadows inside the cave, the real things have far more clarity. By letting the cave dweller out, Plato is suggesting that there is escape from the cage of phenomenal existence, and that man spans the gap between the two realms, experiencing material things on the one hand, but with the latent possibility of knowing the ultimately real too. The question then arises as to how we should deal with change. We can either accept change as the final judgment, which means that we will not allow Plato’s transcendental realm of Ideas. Such a stance is known as relativism, because all things are now only relative to each other. With relativism all points of view must be accepted as valid, and there will no underlining objectivity to it all. Either this, or we accept Plato’s theory of forms. But relativism by itself is absurd. Even the statement â€Å"relativism is true† has meaning only if it is objective. Since relativism denies objectivity, the statement is self-contradictory, therefore false. This means that we must fall back on Plato’s theory of Ideas. But a multiplicity of Ideas also entails relativism, for these too must be mutually related to each other. To expel all relativism we must ultimately arrive at the â€Å"Idea of the Ideas†, the single Idea form which all others must stem (Ibid 53). It is what Plato calls the transcendental Good. Since we cannot apprehend Entities, how are we to arrive at truth? Plato says that it is through reconciliation. We are perpetually striving towards objectivity, which is the common ground to all points of view. Therefore, there is a universally operative force by which all things mutually attract each other. Plato calls this eros – or love. This is the motive force that propels all things, and leads to truth. The process of reconciliation is where opposite points of view come together, and there is gradual expansion of the common ground. The process, therefore, sets before us a hierarchy of truth. At the lower end is the particular and the subjective; at the higher end is the general and the objective. In terms of change we say that, at one end of the hierarchy is the transient and ever-changing, and the other is the permanent and immutable truth. We proceed from the lower end of the hierarchy to the higher. The same hierarchy is reflected in all things that we observe in the material world. There is the hierarchy of the inert and the living. Among the living there is the hierarchy of the insentient plants and the sentient animals. Among both these groups we find an infinitely nuanced hierarchy, with man at the summit of it all. Even among man there is a hierarchy, reflected the stages of spiritual development, whereby material attachment is gradually shed. Plato speaks of a nine fold hierarchy that spans from the tyrant to the philosopher (Ibid 47). To illustrate how the condition of man came to be, Plato describes (in the Phaedrus) a mystical vision as it comes to Socrates while meditating on the banks if the Illysus. He sees the soul of man being carried by two winged horses, one of which is unruly (denoting the senses and the passions), and the other is calm (denoting the mind). Reason is the driver in the middle, and he carries the soul over heaven, so that the soul has glimpsed the eternal and unchanging truth. But in the end reason cannot manage the unmatched steeds, so that the horses lose their wings, and the soul fall to earth, taking on a material body. If it was not for the glimpse of heaven, the fallen soul would only be ranked among the beasts. But the special condition of man is that he straddles the divide between the material and the eternal. He must persist in a material body, but where the wings have been clipped there is aching longing to fly again. The aching is further exacerbated by the recollection of heaven. The soul which has once experienced eternity can never forget it. The faculty of reason itself is but an act of remembering of having once flown over heaven. Through reason man may guide his soul back to heaven, through the acquisition of wisdom. The rational perception of material things is therefore an act of remembering. Material objects are therefore only the signposts that lead the way back to heaven. Socrates puts this most beautifully in the following way: â€Å"The virtue of wings consists in lifting heavy things upwards, bearing them through the air to the place where the gods reside† (qtd. in Marias 48). In conclusion, Plato solves the problem of change by positing the existence of Ideas, which are the transcendental entities having eternal and unchanging existence. The theory describes a hierarchy of existence, with the unchanging Ideas residing at the summit, and the material objects below, which obtain both their existence and their intelligibility through being derived from the Ideas. Put in another way, the mutable objects are only imperfect copies of the perfect and immutable archetypes. The human condition is such that it remains in contact with both realms. While the human soul persists in the illusory and mutable realm of material objects, it nevertheless strives towards the objective and unchanging truth through the faculty of reason. The rational contemplation of material objects is therefore only a process or recollection of the higher truth which the soul was once privy to. From this point of view material objects are only signs that lead the way back to the ultimate truth, and wisdom is but a process of shedding material attachment. Works Cited Barnes, Jonathan. The Presocratic Philosophers. London: Routledge, 1982. Marà ­as, Julià ¡n. History of Philosophy. Chelmsford, MA: Courier Dover Publications, 1967.

Continuum: Poetry Essay

Continuum: anything that goes through a gradual transition from one condition to a diffrerent condition, without any abrupt changes or discontinuities In this poem, Curnow explains the hardness of poem. He is waiting for inspiration for his poem and he is bored about thid and wants to sleep. He explains that writing a poem is an endless cycle. He personifies moon as a symbol for himself which creates a restless mood. The poet can not rest until he finished his poem. â€Å"I am talking about myself† this sentence suggests the reader that the poet is lonely and isolated. His source for inspiration is nature in this poem and he sais â€Å"Better bare-foot it out the front† because he wants to connect directly with the nature. He can not concentrate anything because of his restless mood. â€Å"washed-out creation† and â€Å"dark-place† imageries suggest that he wants to find sth unique. â€Å"A long moment stretches, the next one is not on time. † this sentence means that the poet doesn’t notice the time had gone. Curnow used â€Å"(query)† because he want to explain his sense of questioning. The â€Å"cringing demiurge† is the creative side of the persona and he is in an inner-conflict because one side of him wants to sleep the other one wants to write a poem. At last stanza, we are not sure but we understand that he found sth like inspiration and he turns to his bed, stealthily in step. Curnow’s punctuation suggests that he is lack of control. His commas shows that he is jumping from thought to thought. Curnow’s enjambment rambling poet’s own thoughts. The poem’s structure is also explains the theme and title of th poem, â€Å"Continuum†. The poem is also composed of very long stanzas which explains the confused mind of the speaker. Allen Curnow’s â€Å"Continuum† is a poem on the continuity of poetic inspiration. The poetic source of stimulation of great poets since ages has been the landscape. The moon has been a persistent metaphor for poetic inspiration in celebrated poems like Samuel Coleridge’s â€Å"Dejection: An Ode. The poet’s quality of being a satirist is prominent here. He first asserts that the moon rolls over the roof, and falls back. This is to imply that his poetic capabilities are sinking. Subsequently, he goes on to substantiate that the moon does neither of these things, he is talking about himself. When poets generally do falter in poetic output or due to lack of inspiration, they tend to blame the external circumstances. However, Here Allen Curnow asserts that the poet himself is to be blamed; for, Poetic inspiration comes from within and not from outside. Being sleepless is not an excuse for writing a poem. Sleeplessness does not necessarily allow one to ruminate over a subject, or planet or subjective thoughts. The condition of insomnia can also be dodged conveniently by walking barefoot on the front. The speakeris then visualized as an onlooker of nature. As he stands at the porch he beholds an objective view of himself, as he discerns â€Å"across the privets/and the palms a †washed out creation†. This portion is a dark space. The poet moves to his satiric tone yet again. This dark space contains two particular clouds, one was supposed to be a source of inspiration for the poet, and the other for his adversary-the other fellow poet. Bright clouds dusted(query) by the moon, one’s mine The other’s an adversary, which may depend on the wind or something. The clouds seem to dust the moon for the poet in his quest/query for poetic stimulation. Nevertheless as one cloud functions in his favour, the other (cloud) poses as an adversary that may shadow the cloud, accompanied by the wind. Poetic brainwave or competence must not mar the other’s inspiration, for each poet has his individualistic insight that springs from within and does depend on external features. Creative Inspiration The poet gets the feeling that he has overcome his writer’s block. As creativity begins in impulses, there are gaps. The next gap is a long one, and obviously the next poetic impulse is not on time. Corresponding to the inner lack of productivity, the feet outside lack warmth as the chill of the planking underfoot rises. As the poet cringes for poetic output based on external inspiration, the night sky seems to empty all it contents down, as in an action of excreting or vomiting. The speaker then turns on his bare heel and closes the door signaling the end of his creative endeavour. This is He, the objective Author, feeding on this litter of the scenic sky and employing his poetic tools in the process. Therefore, he is aptly the cringing demiurge. â€Å"The demiurge is a concept from the Platonic, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools ofphilosophy for an artisan-like figure responsible for the fashioning and maintenance of thephysical universe. Although a fashioner, the demiurge is not quite the creator figure in the familiar monistic sense; both the demiurge itself and the material from which the demiurge fashions the universe are the product of some other being. † (Wikipedia) The poet Allen Curnow asserts that he neither is he original, nor his poetic source of insight. This is because the motivating stimuli did not spring from Him. It is objective, when it should be rather subjective. {Continuum * Allen Curnow} In the poem Continuum by Allen Curnow, he tells us about his lack of inspiration or his lack to â€Å"create†. The theme of the poem revolves around poetic inspiration, and how he is unable to get that inspiration. He uses a variety of literary devices to portray this. The title, â€Å"Continuum†, shows us that the problem he talks about, his lack of inspiration is never ending and is continuing all the time. The first stanza shows us Curnow’s unstable thoughts; â€Å"the roof falls behind†, as he is unable to compose poetry he is in a sense of rolling and falling all over the place. In the first line, the word â€Å"moon† is used as a metaphor, as a symbol for himself. As the moon is unable to shine on its own, as it depends on the sun, just like that Curnow depends on his writing to keep him going in life. The first stanza also tells you about the setting and time of the poem which is at night. The poem has no rhyme scheme, this tells us that the poet is finding it difficult to express his thoughts, and he cannot tap into the world of imagination. The last line of the first stanza; â€Å"I am talking about myself. † Also shows his frustration. In the next stanza, Curnow is seeking connection with nature to find poetic inspiration. The line, â€Å"It’s not possible to get off to sleep†, tells us that the poet is unable to sleep which shows that something is troubling him. Curnow goes out â€Å"barefoot†, to rid himself of the human material and wants to connect with nature. He stands in the porch looking at the moon and the clouds, not really conscious of either the time or the chill that he starts to feel. Curnow eventually goes back to bed having written this poem. He writes about himself as another person or thing – He says he is the moon; in the last stanza he writes as if he is describing what he did to the â€Å"the author†. Curnow walks â€Å"stealthily in step† as if half of him is afraid of what is happening to him. Summary: The author writes about his inability to sleep due to his inability to come up with material to write about (most likely a poem, could be another form of text). He therefore gets up in the dead of night when everyone is asleep and experiences a surreal world as his reality and dreams blend together in one beautiful work of poetry. It is ironic however, that when he finds nothing to write about, he writes about his inability to write.

Bennett Explores the Fine Line Between Wisdom in ‘the History Boys’

Often, in Shakespeare’s plays especially, the fool figure turns out to be the wisest figure out of all of the other characters, and is used as a way to make a comment on the social context of the time. This theme is present in ‘The History Boys’, as Bennett mostly uses characters as a way of exploring the fine line. He also uses scenes and themes during the play to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, but he tends to focus on using the characters to explore the line instead. The Headmaster is a character with whom, when first introduced to, the audience would appoint the title of ‘foolish’, as Bennett shows him to be a very foolish character. However, this would differ from Shakespeare’s fool; in his plays the fools were often the wisest of characters, but in this circumstance, with this character, the Headmaster acts foolish without becoming ‘the fool’ from Shakespeare, as the Headmaster doesn’t have the hidden wisdom and knowledge Shakespeare’s fools had. For instance, when discussing competing schools in the league tables with Mrs Lintott, he says ‘†¦Leighton Park. Or is than an open prison? No matter†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote shows the reader what a foolish man Bennett has created; a headmaster not knowing the difference between a competing school in the league tables and a prison is absurd. However, it helps Bennett to show the fine line between wisdom and foolery, as some members of the audience may think that the Headmaster is wise in some of the decisions he makes, as he does know methods to get the students to achieve academic levels that allow entry into Oxbridge. Another moment where Bennett explores the fine line is when he says, upon discussing Oxbridge with the supply teacher Irwin, ‘I thought of going to, but this was the fifties. Change was in the air†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The first impression given of him from this line of speech is that the characters around him must be able to see through his lies and see the fool that he ultimately is; in the fifties, life was the same as in the forties; it was the sixties where ‘change was in the air’ and the characters around the Headmaster would know that he was ying to cover the fact that he wasn’t academically smart enough to attend Oxbridge. This does show him to hold some wisdom, however, as he was smart enough to cover up the fact that he didn’t attend Oxbridge, even if the lie wasn’t successful, and that he is wise as he does want the best for the boys, but again, this is outweighed by the foolish decision that is to get the boys to Oxbridge to raise the scho ol in the league tables to ‘†¦enhance its reputation and thereby his own career†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ showing he is mostly trying to get the boys do to well for his benefit. Bennett also uses the character of the Headmaster to make a social comment of the schooling at the time he wrote the play, hinting that headmasters of schools often tried to get the better grades for the students only to pull their school up in the league tables, and thereby improve their own reputations of headmasters. A second character Bennett uses to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness is Hector, one of the boy’s teachers. One of the first impressions we get of Hector is that he is a character who Bennett presents to be very wise; he has taught the boys so well they can quote literature at any time of the day in the correct context ‘†¦Posner (Edgar) ‘Look up, My Lord. ’ Timms (Kent) ‘Vex not his ghost†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This is quite a feat to achieve, and it also shows that he too knows and understands when and where to quote literature, again showing his wisdom. However, this is a point where Bennett does show how fine the line between wisdom and foolishness actually is, as some people may view this skill as useless, as it probably won’t be able to help them in their university or working life, unless they pursue a career where literature and the need to quote it is needed, so this act may be viewed as quite foolish; spending time teaching the boys something they probably won’t need in their future lives, despite the fact that they and Hector may be considered wise for having this skill. Bennett does show Hector to be a character who does act very foolish sometimes; ‘No Headmaster, (He covers his ears. )†¦Non. Absolument non. Non. Non. Non†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The stage directions used here make Hector act like a naughty child who is refusing to stop what they’re doing; a grown man, who is a teacher nonetheless, acting this way does appear to be a fool to people around him, even if they know he is only pretending. However, this is one of the moments where you can explicitly tell that Bennett is exploring the fine line etween wisdom and foolishness and is showing indeed how very fine it is; some people may see past Hector acting like a fool and see him to be very wise; he knows that if he carries on refusing to do what the Headmaster askes of him, the Headmaster may well just give up and drop the subject. This could be down to the fact that Hector doesn’t view the Headmaster as a wise man; more of a fool who you can walk over and expect to carry on doing things the way you want to, even if the Headmaster is against it. ‘A hand on a boy’s genitals at fifty miles an hour, and you call it nothing? This is a very important quote in showing how Bennett explores the fine line. Hector is a very wise man; he has a deep understanding and knowledge of literature, he has helped get the boys A-Levels up to the standards of Oxbridge and is, academically, quite smart. However, the quote shows that, in terms of his judgements, he is quite a fool; the acts he performed were frowned upon by society at the time, and show to many people that he has crossed the line between wisdom and foolishness with ease without really realising it. †¦transmission of knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This also shows how his judgements are foolish, and how he can be seen to be a fool by many people; when he is confronted about his actions, he uses quotes from poetry to try to get out of the confrontation. By the end of the play, many people would proba bly see Hector as a very wise man, but a man who has the tendency to cross the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, whilst others would see him as only being a fool, despite his knowledge in literature. Overall, Hector is probably Bennett’s main way to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, as Hector crosses the line countless times without realising it himself. Another way Bennett explores the fine line between wisdom and foolishness is by using scenes, such as the French Scene. This scene takes place towards the start of the play, and is where Hector and the boys practise speaking fluent French by acting out a scene of their choice in French. Mais une maison de passe ou tous les clients utilisent le subjonctif ou le conditionnel, oui? ’ (But a brothel where all clients use the subjunctive or conditional, yes? ) This quote is taken from the scene and helps to show the wise and the foolish sides of Hector; he and the students are acting out a scene in fluent French (which in itself is a very academic skill for the students to have learnt) and Hector is quite wise in getting them to practise using their French in everyday scenes, thus improving their flue ncy. However, the foolish part is the fact that the scene they are all acting out is a brothel, which is a very foolish thing to do considering where they are (in a school), but the fact that Hector keeps on going on about their grammar whilst speaking French does show some wisdom, with the fact that he knows exactly how to get the boys to improve their fluency and grammatical skill in French, but in a very foolish circumstance. A third way the fine line between wisdom and foolishness is through themes; specifically the themes of sexuality and sex. For sexuality; ‘†¦Don’t touch him†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote is quite important in showing the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, as it is said when Hector and Irwin are discussing Hector’s early retirement, teaching and Dakin. Bennett shows here that Hector’s foolish decisions have turned him into a wiser man, who is advising Irwin on how not to make the same foolish mistake he did. The foolishness here makes the scene quite tragic rather than comic. For the theme of sex, the fine line is explored when Dakin and Scripps have a conversation together about Fiona (the Headmaster’s secretary). †¦like particularly her tits, which only fell after a prolonged campaign some three weeks ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The wordplay in this conversation is very foolish indeed, which Scripps finds funny albeit embarrassing, but the wisdom in Dakin is evident by the way Dakin applies military logistics to a new context with ease, using the semantic field of w ar. Overall, these are the main ways Bennett uses to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness in ‘The History Boys’, mainly using the characters of the Headmaster and Hector. Bennett Explores the Fine Line Between Wisdom in ‘the History Boys’ Often, in Shakespeare’s plays especially, the fool figure turns out to be the wisest figure out of all of the other characters, and is used as a way to make a comment on the social context of the time. This theme is present in ‘The History Boys’, as Bennett mostly uses characters as a way of exploring the fine line. He also uses scenes and themes during the play to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, but he tends to focus on using the characters to explore the line instead. The Headmaster is a character with whom, when first introduced to, the audience would appoint the title of ‘foolish’, as Bennett shows him to be a very foolish character. However, this would differ from Shakespeare’s fool; in his plays the fools were often the wisest of characters, but in this circumstance, with this character, the Headmaster acts foolish without becoming ‘the fool’ from Shakespeare, as the Headmaster doesn’t have the hidden wisdom and knowledge Shakespeare’s fools had. For instance, when discussing competing schools in the league tables with Mrs Lintott, he says ‘†¦Leighton Park. Or is than an open prison? No matter†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote shows the reader what a foolish man Bennett has created; a headmaster not knowing the difference between a competing school in the league tables and a prison is absurd. However, it helps Bennett to show the fine line between wisdom and foolery, as some members of the audience may think that the Headmaster is wise in some of the decisions he makes, as he does know methods to get the students to achieve academic levels that allow entry into Oxbridge. Another moment where Bennett explores the fine line is when he says, upon discussing Oxbridge with the supply teacher Irwin, ‘I thought of going to, but this was the fifties. Change was in the air†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The first impression given of him from this line of speech is that the characters around him must be able to see through his lies and see the fool that he ultimately is; in the fifties, life was the same as in the forties; it was the sixties where ‘change was in the air’ and the characters around the Headmaster would know that he was ying to cover the fact that he wasn’t academically smart enough to attend Oxbridge. This does show him to hold some wisdom, however, as he was smart enough to cover up the fact that he didn’t attend Oxbridge, even if the lie wasn’t successful, and that he is wise as he does want the best for the boys, but again, this is outweighed by the foolish decision that is to get the boys to Oxbridge to raise the scho ol in the league tables to ‘†¦enhance its reputation and thereby his own career†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ showing he is mostly trying to get the boys do to well for his benefit. Bennett also uses the character of the Headmaster to make a social comment of the schooling at the time he wrote the play, hinting that headmasters of schools often tried to get the better grades for the students only to pull their school up in the league tables, and thereby improve their own reputations of headmasters. A second character Bennett uses to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness is Hector, one of the boy’s teachers. One of the first impressions we get of Hector is that he is a character who Bennett presents to be very wise; he has taught the boys so well they can quote literature at any time of the day in the correct context ‘†¦Posner (Edgar) ‘Look up, My Lord. ’ Timms (Kent) ‘Vex not his ghost†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This is quite a feat to achieve, and it also shows that he too knows and understands when and where to quote literature, again showing his wisdom. However, this is a point where Bennett does show how fine the line between wisdom and foolishness actually is, as some people may view this skill as useless, as it probably won’t be able to help them in their university or working life, unless they pursue a career where literature and the need to quote it is needed, so this act may be viewed as quite foolish; spending time teaching the boys something they probably won’t need in their future lives, despite the fact that they and Hector may be considered wise for having this skill. Bennett does show Hector to be a character who does act very foolish sometimes; ‘No Headmaster, (He covers his ears. )†¦Non. Absolument non. Non. Non. Non†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The stage directions used here make Hector act like a naughty child who is refusing to stop what they’re doing; a grown man, who is a teacher nonetheless, acting this way does appear to be a fool to people around him, even if they know he is only pretending. However, this is one of the moments where you can explicitly tell that Bennett is exploring the fine line etween wisdom and foolishness and is showing indeed how very fine it is; some people may see past Hector acting like a fool and see him to be very wise; he knows that if he carries on refusing to do what the Headmaster askes of him, the Headmaster may well just give up and drop the subject. This could be down to the fact that Hector doesn’t view the Headmaster as a wise man; more of a fool who you can walk over and expect to carry on doing things the way you want to, even if the Headmaster is against it. ‘A hand on a boy’s genitals at fifty miles an hour, and you call it nothing? This is a very important quote in showing how Bennett explores the fine line. Hector is a very wise man; he has a deep understanding and knowledge of literature, he has helped get the boys A-Levels up to the standards of Oxbridge and is, academically, quite smart. However, the quote shows that, in terms of his judgements, he is quite a fool; the acts he performed were frowned upon by society at the time, and show to many people that he has crossed the line between wisdom and foolishness with ease without really realising it. †¦transmission of knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This also shows how his judgements are foolish, and how he can be seen to be a fool by many people; when he is confronted about his actions, he uses quotes from poetry to try to get out of the confrontation. By the end of the play, many people would proba bly see Hector as a very wise man, but a man who has the tendency to cross the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, whilst others would see him as only being a fool, despite his knowledge in literature. Overall, Hector is probably Bennett’s main way to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, as Hector crosses the line countless times without realising it himself. Another way Bennett explores the fine line between wisdom and foolishness is by using scenes, such as the French Scene. This scene takes place towards the start of the play, and is where Hector and the boys practise speaking fluent French by acting out a scene of their choice in French. Mais une maison de passe ou tous les clients utilisent le subjonctif ou le conditionnel, oui? ’ (But a brothel where all clients use the subjunctive or conditional, yes? ) This quote is taken from the scene and helps to show the wise and the foolish sides of Hector; he and the students are acting out a scene in fluent French (which in itself is a very academic skill for the students to have learnt) and Hector is quite wise in getting them to practise using their French in everyday scenes, thus improving their flue ncy. However, the foolish part is the fact that the scene they are all acting out is a brothel, which is a very foolish thing to do considering where they are (in a school), but the fact that Hector keeps on going on about their grammar whilst speaking French does show some wisdom, with the fact that he knows exactly how to get the boys to improve their fluency and grammatical skill in French, but in a very foolish circumstance. A third way the fine line between wisdom and foolishness is through themes; specifically the themes of sexuality and sex. For sexuality; ‘†¦Don’t touch him†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote is quite important in showing the fine line between wisdom and foolishness, as it is said when Hector and Irwin are discussing Hector’s early retirement, teaching and Dakin. Bennett shows here that Hector’s foolish decisions have turned him into a wiser man, who is advising Irwin on how not to make the same foolish mistake he did. The foolishness here makes the scene quite tragic rather than comic. For the theme of sex, the fine line is explored when Dakin and Scripps have a conversation together about Fiona (the Headmaster’s secretary). †¦like particularly her tits, which only fell after a prolonged campaign some three weeks ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The wordplay in this conversation is very foolish indeed, which Scripps finds funny albeit embarrassing, but the wisdom in Dakin is evident by the way Dakin applies military logistics to a new context with ease, using the semantic field of w ar. Overall, these are the main ways Bennett uses to explore the fine line between wisdom and foolishness in ‘The History Boys’, mainly using the characters of the Headmaster and Hector.